Brian Clough was probably one of the greatest football managers that this country has ever seen. With his assistant Peter Taylor, he was notable for finding players who fitted right into the teams he managed. He might not have had a team of superstars, but with Peter Taylor’s scouting ability and his tactics, he created top class teams that won many of the top trophies in English and European football! I suppose you could say that his team were a testament to his management ability, and that’s pretty much what we have here where Israel and the Lord are concerned, as Israel success was to testify to God’s laws and rule!

The theme of material blessing in verses 1-6 continues in verses 7-8. In verse 7 we see that Israelites are to be granted protection and superiority over their enemies. This is reflected in verse 1 where it talks about God giving them a position or great status over the nations. The language used makes it clear that the Lord’s protection will make Israel invincible as: ‘They shall come out against you one way and flee before you seven ways.’ (v7). What is clear here is that Israel was not to be a warmongering nation, there would be no wars except at the Lord’s command, but that God would give them  protection. Verse 8 returns to the theme of material blessing in that God would provide good harvests and continue to bless them in the land that He was providing.

The first theme that we looked at in verse 1 returns again in verses 9-11. Israel was to be a witness to the nations. They would be a special a: ‘holy’ (v9) people, which means ‘set apart for’ or ‘devoted’ to the Lord. This was only possible if they kept God’s commandments and did not deviate from them, (v9). If that was their practice then it would be the most amazing witness to the nations as it would be clear that they were God’s people, ‘called by the name of the LORD’ (v10) and as such, they were to be protected by Him. The surrounding nations would then fear them as it would be clear that their abundant prosperity was from God (v11).

The last part of this section with its theme of blessing (vs12-14) makes the point that it will be God who provides the rain and not some pagan deity like Baal. Verse 12 emphasizes this by the terminology it uses. In the Canaanite religion it was believed that Baal lived in the sky and literally opened a window of his palace or temple to let the rain fall upon the earth. Hence, Moses uses a similar picture to make it clear that the Lord is going to be the one who provides the rain and not Baal, so the people would not be tempted to believe such stories.[1] Once again there is a reference that Israel will prosper through lending money to various nations but not borrowing from any as God would give them a position as leaders not followers (v13). The condition was that they were to be careful they followed God’s Law as only that way would they stay on top in any league of nations. Verse 14 reinstates that they are not to turn aside from any of the commands not: ‘to the right hand or the left’ (v14) and they were not to give any other god the time of day!

We might again ask ourselves why all this repetition? But the answer is obvious, as human beings we have a nasty tendency to forget stuff like this and I do not believe we have changed much in 3000 years!  We need to constantly come back to the promises of God. That is why daily Bible study is so important. For example, if we are to carry out our work or business effectively during the day we need a good breakfast and proper nutrition throughout the rest of the day to do so. So, if we are to serve the Lord each day we need to read His word to know His mind as found in His Law and to follow it!  This and this only will make us ready for the work that God has for us. Christopher Wright sums up this section by drawing attention to this, as he writes: ‘the purpose of God blessing this people is ultimately so that God bless all the peoples on earth.’[2] When it is put like that, daily living is quite a challenge as we are to be ‘fit for purpose’ so we are ready to witness to the lost people around us!

[1] John D Currid, Deuteronomy, an EP Study Commentary (Evangelical Press, Darlington, 2006) 337.
[2] Christopher Wright, Deuteronomy, New International Biblical Commentary. (Massachusetts, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc, 1996), 281.

As I do not support a particular team I enjoy watching football for its own sake. Most seasons there will generally be a key match in the race for the league title which is referred to as a six pointer[1] as it can be very influential to the outcome of the season. There can often be little to choose between the two teams in terms of skill. But on the day of the match the team that wins will probably do so because they chose the right tactics and stuck rigidly to their game plan. At the start of chapter 28 the game plan Moses has given the Israelites team is very simple, obey the Lord!

The Israelites were to be the Lord’s covenant people. They had agreed to God’s terms that they would serve Him and obey His commands. Deuteronomy represents what in the Ancient Near East was called a Vassal Treaty and in such treaties there was a section of blessings and curses, blessings if they kept God’s commands, curses if they did not. So not surprisingly the chapter starts with a reminder that they are: ‘faithfully obey’ the Lord and that they be: ‘careful to do all His commands’ (v1).  Moses adds: ‘today’ to give added emphasis. This is not some vague command that one day they are going to have to implement; it was to start before they went into the land.

Very often we can put things off that we know we ought to do. Instead, we let certain sins linger, kidding ourselves that one day we will deal with them. But what we really ought to do is bring them to the Lord immediately and so deal with them there and then. Moses did not want Israelites to make that mistake, so they were to start in their obedience immediately! The consequences of that obedience would be extraordinary, not only would the Israelites benefit materially, but they would also be given extraordinary status among nations which acted as a witness to those nation’s. But the main emphasis seems to be on the benefits that they would receive materially (v2). Unlike the curses the people are not required to say Amen. After all ‘God’s blessings are wholly of grace, whether or not His people assert them or even appreciate them.’[2]

In verses 3-6 the source of blessing is seen, primarily, through plentiful crops and increased livestock. In other words, material blessing that would ensure the well-being of the nation. But why were they to be blessed in that area, why not financial wealth or some other such blessing? The reason can be deducted from Israel’s past. Moses has an emphasised worshipping and obeying the commands of the Lord Almighty. The people have been constantly reminded of His status and how He is to be worshipped, as well as, how He is not. But the Israelites were only a generation away from polytheism (the worship of many gods) as they had practiced it when they were in Egypt (Ezekiel 20:7-8). In the Promised Land there was going to be plenty of temptation as polytheism was widely practised. Moses was very aware of that there was competition as to whom to worship. But the Lord was going to make it very clear who made the crops grow as He had already promised to bless them and give them plentiful produce if they obeyed him and to withhold the rain if they turn to other gods and goddesses (11:13-17).  So, He would give them no reason to doubt Him through His ample provision for them.

This raises the question whether Christians can expect material blessing today? Yet the circumstances are very different. Firstly, God’s promise was given to the nation of Israel that was going in and occupying land that He had given them. Essentially He was speaking to them as one nation, not as Christians who are scattered throughout the world today. Yet we can argue that He could bless us as if we live by He’s laws and seek His will for our lives as we will want to work hard, spend our money wisely and aim to give our children a good and moral upbringing based on God’s Word. Doing that often means Christians avoid many of the problems the people of the world can have as individuals or families.

So, there is a sense in which we can benefit by obedience to the Lord. But we would do well to remember a major theme in Deuteronomy which applies to God’s people in any day and age and that is that we are totally undeserving of any grace and mercy that God shows us. We do not deserve anything because we are particularly obedient. This leads to the final point. We are far more blessed today than the people of Israel were at that time. They could see only an earthly inheritance, but we have a heavenly one.[3]

[1] So-called as it not just provides the winning team three points but that it guarantees the other team of missing out on three, something that no other fixture could guarantee.
[2] Warren W. Wiersbe, Be Equipped, Acquiring Tools for Spiritual Success (Colorado Springs, Victor, 1999) 167.
[3] I am much indebted to Paul E Brown for his section on whether these blessings apply in the same way today. Paul E. Brown, Deuteronomy, An Expositional Commentary (Leominster, Day One Publications 2008) 204.

Verses 20-23 deals with the area of sexual sin. As such this covers the Seventh Commandment.

The area of sexual sin has been dealt with back in chapter 22 and also in Leviticus 18 and 20. Here several areas are covered. Firstly, sex with one’s father’s wife. Secondly, bestiality (sex with an animal). Thirdly, sex within the family with siblings and lastly, sex with one’s mother-in-law. Here again are sins that could remain invisible but, to anyone who participated in them, there was a reminder that God would see and punish them.

Bestiality is mentioned in Exodus 22:19 and in Leviticus 18:23 and 20:15-16 and is a sin punishable by death. What made this sin so serious is that man is created in the image of God. He is to rule over the animals; hence man’s placing in the God-given order of creation would be subverted and tarnished. But there is more to it than that. In the Ancient Near East animals often represent deities; hence sex with an animal that represented a deity could be seen as obtaining union with that deity.[1] So, this action also broke the First commandment and Second Commandment as it was a form of idolatry. The other sexual sins mentioned here are to do with sex between relations. This was a warning again against the influence of Egypt as incest was common among the royal family. Once again, Israel is to identify itself by not following these practices that they would have been acquainted with when they were enslaved. Just like them, we are to reject the practices of the world. To go back to them would be like Israel going back to bondage in Egypt. For us it would be much more serious, it would be going back to the slavery of sin when we have been offered a new life and freedom that Christ gives!

Next the sixth Commandment is covered, as the next set of curses in verses 24-25, deal with the idea of someone getting away with murder and also someone accepting payment to murder an innocent person. In verse 24 the verb used refers to an assault but can also refer to murder, so we could be talking about more than manslaughter here. Verse 25 could be translated as: ‘cursed is the one who takes a bribe to strike down a person who is innocent.’[2] As well as the intent to murder the acceptance of a bribe was an offence in itself whether or not the action for which the bribe was given was carried out (see Exodus 23:8). Here again the emphasis is on secrecy as the one excepting the bribe would not profit unless the deed was carried out in secret.

The last section of these curses (v26) is focused on a failure to be totally obedient to the Law. The New Testament reminds us that failure to keep even one point of the Law is failure to keep it all (James 2:10). Paul when writing to the church in Galatia even quotes this verse (Galatians 3:10). This could make grim reading because it begs the question, how can we ever get right with God? After all, after Paul has quoted verse 26 he then writes: ‘Now it is evident that no one is justified before God by the law, for “The righteous shall live by faith.” (Galatians 3:11). The answer is we cannot get right with Him, He has to do it for us! And He does that by even wonderfully supplying that faith (Ephesians 2:8). In Romans 3:21-22 Paul writes: ‘But now the righteousness of God has been manifested apart from the law, although the Law and the Prophets bear witness to it — the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all who believe. For there is no distinction.’ That’s really good news, because we are reminded in what Paul then writes that: ‘ for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God’ (Romans 3:23). At first there seems to be a tension here with Deuteronomy 6:25 where we read that obedience to the Law would be seen as a form of righteousness. But issue the issue that is being highlighted is that obedience to God that should naturally come from faith in Him.

Due to the teaching and work of Christ through the cross we should realise as Christians we fall well short of what the Law requires, hence we need Christ’s work on the cross to bring us into relationship with God. In Galatians 3:13 Paul reminds his readers that ‘Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us—for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree” picking up on the theme of Deuteronomy 21:23. Yet out of the forgiveness that is made possible by Christ being made a curse for us should come an attitude that wants to obey God in every aspect of what He requires. Jesus made it very clear He did not come to abolish the Law but to fulfil it (Matthew 5:17).  If we truly love God then obedience to His will by keeping His law is the natural way to show it!

[1] The exception was Hittite law which restricted bestiality, but even then not every case was restricted.  A person was exempt from penalties if bestiality occurred with a horse or a mule!  ‘The Old Testament allows no exceptions.’  John D Currid, Deuteronomy, an EP Study Commentary (Evangelical Press, Darlington, 2006)  428.
[2] Currid, Deuteronomy, 429.

The teaching of the curses that are found in verses 15-26 is as follows.  The Levi’s would state the action that would lead to the participant being cursed, the people would then reply with an Amen, thus stating their agreement with the conditions that led to the curse.  But this is more than mere agreement. Peter Craigie makes this point: ‘by saying “Amen” the people indicate understanding and agreement and thereby remove any possible excuse for their conduct, if at some subsequent time they were to disobey the law of the covenant.’[1]  The format of this section of blessings and curses is found in other Ancient Near East vassal treaties where such blessings and curses would be found among the stipulations for obedience or disobedience to the sovereign state.

But let us take a closer look at what the actions are that lead to God’s curse being visited upon a person.  The behaviour that leads to these curses is based around the breaking of certain commandments.  There is an emphasis on sins that are, or could be, committed in secret (vs15 and 24 particularly) and an emphasis in these curses that although the sins were not visible to others, the Lord would see and He would as be the one who brings the curse on the offender.  So which curses relate to which commandments, and can we observe any logical order to how the curses are set out?

Firstly, yes, there does seem to be a logic to the way these curses are set out.  Verse 15 covers the First and Second Commandment and is followed by the Fifth Commandment. So, we see a pattern emerging.  God is to be first and then family.  Then, in general, we have the commandments that relate to other people.  This is then followed by the reminder that the Law is to be obeyed in full; people are not at liberty to obey parts of it and not others.  So let us look at actions that lead to a curse.

Verse 15 covers the First and Second Commandment and the idea of an idol being set up: ‘in secret’.  This should not surprise us as there has been much in the Law about how detestable the worship of other gods and idols are to the Lord.  But what makes this worse is the idea of someone: ‘outwardly professing to belong to Israel’ while they are: ‘secretly with an alien god.’[2]  Any such action in making an idol automatically breaks these Commandments as it indicates disloyalty to the Lord.

Verse 16 draws our attention to the Fifth Commandment.  Exodus 21:17 shows the seriousness of cursing one’s father and mother.  Peter Craigie points out the necessity for this curse despite the fact the subject has been dealt with in 21:18-21.  The conflicting emotions that parents might feel about bringing their son before the elders to face such stern application of the law (death by stoning) could lead them to stay silent on the subject and this might lead to continued rebellion within the family and a bad example to the rest of the community.  What we have here is God bringing justice about but, by His hand rather than man’s. God sees and He will punish what is spared human judgment due to emotional ties and affection.[3]

Verses 17-19 deals with stealing or coveting in some form or other and as such covers the Seventh and Tenth Commandments.  The moving of a boundary stone could decrease a man’s property and his ability to support himself; it was stealing land and livelihood.  The idea of a person who: ‘misleads a blind man on the road’ suggest a dishonest motive which could lead to a loss of time if nothing else.  But once again this could be seen as an invisible sin as there would be no way to identify the offender.  Withholding of justice could be seen as stealing a man’s reputation, property or even his life if the court case was serious enough.  Here again are sins that the wider community might never be aware of, but God would see, and He would bring a curse upon that person.

 [1] Peter Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, The New International Commentary on the Old Testament ( Grand Rapids, Eerdmans Publishing Co, 1976) 331.

[2] Allan Harman, Deuteronomy, The Commands of a Covenant God (Fearn, Christian Focus Publications, 2001)234.

[3] Craigie, Deuteronomy, 332.

Many years ago, when I was at school, I had some talent when it came to long distance running. Consequently, I occasionally represented the school at various athletic events. I took my training very seriously, but I was aware that the training was not ‘the main event’ but important preparation for that event. As such this prelude to the blessings and curses is to prepare the people so that they would be alert to what is being taught when it comes to this important subject.

Verses 9-10 form a declaration by Moses and the priests to the people that they ‘have become the people of the LORD your God’ (v9).  At the end of chapter 26 in verse 17 the people had, metaphorically, put their signature on this covenant with God. Moses acknowledges this by reinstating that they are to obey and follow these commands.  The command to: ‘Keep silence’ before this declaration alerts us: ‘that a message of grave importance is about to be declared.’[1] The inclusion of the leaders in this announcement is interesting as it gives us the impression that those who represent the people confirmed this agreement with the people, whereas before Moses had been speaking to the people on behalf of God, giving them the status of God’s people.  In other words, the whole thing becomes inclusive to the whole nation because God has redeemed them as a nation.  Craigie sums this up nicely with this comment: ‘they were already the people of God, of course, but the ceremony on the plains of Moab reminded them of that status and renewed its reality.’[2]

This is useful to reminder today. We do not cease to be the people of God when we walk out of church; we are the Lord’s all the time.  We are neither more of or of less the Lord’s at home, work, school or college as we are always the Lords!  Just as Israel were to always be the Lord’s people and to conduct themselves accordingly, we are to live and act as His people each day whatever the situation, be it good or bad, peaceful or stressful, wherever we are and whoever we are with.

As mentioned in chapter 11:26-32 the ceremony was to take place on Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim.  In verses 12-14 instructions are given as to the role of each of the tribes in the ceremony.  The tribes of Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph and Benjamin were to stand on Mount Gerizim: ‘to bless the people’ (v12).  Those of Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan and Naphtali were to stand on Mount Ebal and pronounce the curses that follow at the end of the chapter.

Why are these particular tribes on each particular mountain?  The most likely basis for the division is that it partly follows the marital relationships between Jacob and his wives Leah and Rachel.  Those who are descended from Leah and Rachel make up the six tribes on Mount Gerizim.  The six tribes mentioned on Mount Ebal are descended from the four sons of Leah’s and Rachel’s handmaidens as well as the first and last born to Leah.  It could be argued that Reuben is allotted to Ebal as he forfeited his birth-right because of incest (Genesis 49:3-4).  What was to follow in this ceremony, which was finally carried out when they entered the land (Joshua 8:30-35), was that the Levites would teach the people the consequences of either breaking or keeping God’s Law. Whether this was a ceremony that was carried out once or was intended to be repeated as an annual event, we do not know.

In many churches today there is a tendency to focus on the benefits and blessings that we have in Christ.  But here we see that the Levite’s are to teach both the benefits of following the Lord and also the terrible consequences of ignoring his Word. As such this passage acts as a warning to Preachers to preach the whole council of scripture and nothing more and nothing less and for Christians to live by it!

[1] John D Currid, Deuteronomy, an EP study commentary (Evangelical Press, Darlington, 2006) 425.
[2] Peter C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1976) 329.

This month we start a new series looking at the blessings and curses in these chapters and what we can learn from them today.

When you walk into my study you will notice a number of things like a computer and a great many books. But over in the corner is one of the most important things in the room, and that is my notice board.  It has various bits of paper on it.  These are things I need to be reminded of, so they get dealt with. What we are dealing with at the start of this chapter is similar, as it is how the Israelites were to remind themselves of the Law that the Lord had given them and as importantly, how they were to obey that Law.

At the end of chapter 26 there was, metaphorically, the signing of the covenant between the Lord and the people of Israel.  But the emphasis here is not just on the keeping of these commands, but also the consequences of not keeping them.

In chapter 27 Moses is mentioned in the third person which has not been the case since 5:1 as chapters 5-26 are presented as Moses’ speeches to Israel. So, let me put forward what I think is happening here.  My wife and I enjoy watching movies, but I am also very interested in the composition of movies, the how and whys of how films are put together. So this is bit like the director of a movie getting the camera to draw back to give us a new perspective. Whereas close-ups focus our attention on one thing, when the camera draws back to a wide short we can see much more.  The emphasis of the text has been on Moses teaching the Law, but now the people are being reminded that this Law has consequences which could be good or bad depending on how they react to it. Hence, what we are getting here is, in movie terms, is a wide shot, as we are now not just thinking just about what Moses is teaching, but also about the consequences of the Law.

The chapter starts with a command which is issued by Moses and the elders, and this is that the people are to be faithful in keeping the Law, not just at the present time, but when they cross the Jordan and reach the Land. So, when they do this they were to: ‘set up large stones and plaster them with plaster.’ On the stones they are to write: ‘all the words of this law’ (v3).  Within this command there is a reminder that the land is part of God’s blessing and promise to His people, as seen in the phase: ‘a land flowing with milk and honey, as the Lord, the God of your fathers, has promised you’ (v3).  There is an emphasis on God’s faithfulness despite the disobedience that the Israelites had shown during the Exodus.  Therefore, the gist of these first few verses is that they are to continue in faithfully keeping the Law when they enter the Land.

But how would they be sure that they were continuing to be faithful?  This is where the stones came in. Just as my notice board acts as a reminder to me, these stones would act as a reminder to the Israelites as all the words of the Law were to be written on them: ‘very plainly’ (v8).  What this quite means is not certain.  Was the Law written out in its entirety (after all these were large stones), or just the Ten Commandments as an effective summary? But whether it was the whole or part of the Law these stones would have acted as an effective reminder.[1]  The place that these stones were to be set up was to be Mount Ebal (which is first mentioned in Deuteronomy in chapter 11).  Mount Ebal had an interesting history as it is a place where Abraham first sacrificed in the Land (Genesis 12:6-7). Later Jacob built an alter there (Genesis 33:18-20) and perhaps this is why it was chosen as it emphasises the Lord’s faithfulness to His people.  By the stones was an alter that was to be built out of uncut stones (Exodus 20:25) distinguishing it from the Canaanite alters where the stones would have been fashioned with the tools of the time. As Paul Brown points out: ‘the associations of such implements were all pagan.’[2]

 Once the alter was completed there were to be sacrifices of: ‘burnt offerings’ ‘which symbolise the entire consecration of the offering to God’[3] and also: ‘peace offerings’ , these representing fellowship between the people of God (vs6-7).  What is notable here is that once they were in the Land and had completed this command there was to be rejoicing that God had brought them into the Land and had given them this Law.  This reminds us that when we come together our worship should be joyful as we study God’s Word and goodness towards us!

[1] If the idea seems a bit quaint and removed from the present day, we should remember that many churches have the Ten Commandments situated in a prominent place. Indeed, in the Anglican Church it is part of church law that they should be displayed.
[2] Paul E. Brown, Deuteronomy, An Expositional Commentary.(Day one, Leominster, 2008), 197.
[3] Allan Harman. Deuteronomy, the Commands of the Covenant God (Christian focus publications, Fearn, 2001) 231.

‘There is none like God, O Jeshurun, who rides through the heavens to your help, through the skies in his majesty. The eternal God is your dwelling place, and underneath are the everlasting arms. And he thrust out the enemy before you and said, Destroy. So Israel lived in safety, Jacob lived alone, in a land of grain and wine, whose heavens drop down dew. Happy are you, O Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by the Lord, the shield of your help, and the sword of your triumph! Your enemies shall come fawning to you, and you shall tread upon their backs’ (Deuteronomy 33:26-29).

As Moses comes to the end of his last words to the people, his emphasis, as it was at the beginning, is on the Lord.  The subject of these last few verses (vs26-29) is Moses’ praise and worship at God’s role in redeeming His people and fulfilling His promises through all that He has done for Israel.  In all this, Moses emphasises that God is quite unique.

The language of verse 26 is interesting because, as in other parts of Deuteronomy, the terminology that is used is similar to the way the Canaanites would have believed their god Baal would have acted.  Being a god of the storm and rain, he would have been seen as having a dominion over the clouds and the sky.  But the point being made here is that Baal is a false god, whereas the Lord God of Israel was unique, and it was He not Baal who had sovereignty over all including the weather. But what is more remarkable is He is their God which is made apparent by the use of God’s nickname for Israel: ‘Jeshurun’.  

Verse 27 makes it clear that Israel would continue to find their security in the Lord and could be assured of that because He is the: ‘eternal God’, the reference to His: ‘everlasting arms’ indicating His strength.  It is said that that there are only two things that are certain in this life and that is ‘death and taxes’ but let me add a third far more encouraging one, and that is God can be trusted and when we come to Him we are secure in Him.  A major theme of Deuteronomy is there has been an assurance that God would go ahead of His people, He would fight their battles and would drive out their enemies and the second part of this verse reassures them of this.  Moses’ words paint a picture of a secure and happy nation being amply provided for due to the climate and agricultural nature of the land, but the phrase: ‘whose heavens drop dew’ (v28) reminds the people even the fruitfulness of nature is because of God’s provision.

The passage ends with the assertion that if God is unique then Israel is unique in having a God who has saved His people.  The language of verse 29 is militaristic in its nature with the language referring to the Lord as ‘the shield of your help, and the sword of your triumph!’ But the nature of this warfare is spiritual as it included destruction of places of worship of the false gods and goddesses of the land.  This was victory over the false religion as such religion had led to depravity and was an affront to God, and, as such, was under God’s judgement.  Here is an emphasis on God’s working through a faithful and obedient people.  So here is a question for the church today.  Do we live in the light of God being a triumphant and we, because we worship such a God, being a triumphant people?  I will leave it those saints of yesteryear to Henry and Scott to sum up what this means.  ‘Never were people so well supported and borne up; “underneath the everlasting arms”; that is, the almighty power of God is engaged for the protection and the consolation of all who trust in him in their greatest straits and distresses, and under their heaviest burdens.  The everlasting arms shall support the interests of the church in general, that they shall not sink, or be run down.  Underneath the church is that Rock of ages on which it is built, and against which the gates of hell shall never prevail.’[1]Now that is real encouragement, and it acts as a book end to Moses’ blessing.  The blessing starts with the faithfulness of the Lord in the past and it ends with the promise of His faithfulness in the future.  The Lord God of Israel is the God of the church today.  After all, we like them, are redeemed people: ‘saved by the Lord’ (v29).  So, what choice do we have but to be encouraged!

[1] Henry and Scott, A Commentary upon the Holy Bible, Genesis to Deuteronomy (London, The Religious Tract Society, 1833) 461.

‘And of Naphtali he said, “O Naphtali, sated with favour, and full of the blessing of the Lord, possess the lake and the south.” And of Asher he said, “Most blessed of sons be Asher; let him be the favourite of his brothers, and let him dip his foot in oil. Your bars shall be iron and bronze, and as your days, so shall your strength be” (Deuteronomy 33:23-25).

When we come to Moses’ last two blessings, they are upbeat in nature as there is a strong sense of optimism about the future of these two tribes.

The blessing that is given to the tribe of Naphtali focuses on: ‘the blessing of the Lord’ and the favour his people can experience through that (v23).  The phrase: ‘possess the lake and the south’ refers to the area that was going to be allotted for that tribe, an area which boarded the Sea of Galilee.  The translation here causes some problems as the Hebrew word translated ‘Lake’ (yam) can mean ‘west’.  Allan Harman suggests that the context here means that this may refer to the Sea of Galilee and the southward area which was: ‘the fertile area of the Jordan Valley.’[1] But whatever it may mean the picture is a vivid one of a tribe that will grow and prosper in the years to come.

The final blessing concerns the tribe of Asher (vs24-25), who, as Harman points out, will: ‘live up to his name (blessed).’[2]  As with Jacobs blessing: ‘Asher’s food shall be rich, and he shall yield royal delicacies’, (Genesis 49:20) there are references to fertility of the area they are going to be allotted.  The Galilean Highlands were famous for their olive trees, so the phrase: ‘and let him dip his foot in oil’ (v24) is easily understood as the tribe benefiting from the good land that would give them agricultural abundance.  The description in verse 25 of strong fortifications was probably due to the area that they were going to be allotted.  It was in the northern part of the country and stretched along the coast with a major highway which would have been a natural invasion route.  The tribe would have wished for, and were probably going to take over, strong fortified cities that would give them the strength and protection they might need.

The picture that is painted, in these blessings of these two tribes, is of the Lord’s provision for his people in the most generous and practical way after they have entered the Land. How might we understand this today? Simply, by realizing that the Lord equips his people adequately. Does this always mean that we will be blessed materially, or that the Lord’s blessing is indiscriminately given? Not at all! Israel’s experienced in the years to come illustrates that! But the Lord does equip and enable his people to do his work in every age and generation, whatever the circumnutates, when they seek to be faithful to him!

[1] Allan Harman, Deuteronomy, The Commands of the Covenant God (Christian focus publications, Fearn, 2001) 282.

{2} Harman, Deuteronomy, 282.

‘And of Dan he said, “Dan is a lion’s cub that leaps from Bashan” (Deuteronomy 33:22).

The phase ‘unfulfilled potential’ is often used for what was a formally young up and coming sportsman or a rising star in politics that has never really archive all that was expected of them. Verse 22 of chapter 33 concerns the tribe of Dan and along with the tribe of Reuben this is one of the shortest blessings in this address.  But it is one that may indicate unfulfilled potential!

Dan is compared to a: ‘lion’s cub.’ and in my mind this is a picture of youth and vigour and the aggressive qualities that are referred to in Jacob’s blessing in Genesis 49:16-17 where the tribe is referred to as: ‘a viper by the path, that bites the horse’s heels so that the rider falls backwards’ (Genesis 49:17). But it could also relate, as some commentators have noted, to the weakness of youth.  It has also been seem as an indication that this was a tribe that was going to grow.  Indeed, this was the case and the Danites later took extra territory than what had been allotted to them (Joshua 19:47).

It is uncertain what is the significance of the word ‘Bashan’ is here.  A straightforward reading of the text would suggest a place name, but there is no link between the tribe of Dan and Bashan.  So some commentators have surmised this is a play on words that is often found in Ancient Near East languages   So in that case Bashan can be associated with the word: ‘viper’ which would certainly fit in with Jacob’s blessing in Genesis 49:17, but none of these commentators have claimed this with certainty.

The ambiguous nature of this blessing may well be due to the fact that the tribe of Dan became associated with idolatry (see Judges 18) and this may be one of the reasons why they are not referred to as being among the tribes mentioned in Revelation 7:5-8.

Once again, Scripture warns us that we can come from a good heritage.  We can grow up in a Christian family, attended a good church and can see the blessing of God around us and in the lives of others.  Yet there is a danger that we can neglect making a personal decision and, rather than seek the kingdom of God, we make ourselves at home in the kingdom of this world, just as the Danites did, and became a case of unfulfilled potential!  The results of doing so is easily seen in the passage in Revelation 7 where they are not included along with the rest of God’s people! And as such, this acts as a warning to churches and individuals to put the Lord first and seek his will in everything they do!

‘And of Zebulun he said, “Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and Issachar, in your tents. They shall call peoples to their mountain; there they offer right sacrifices; for they draw from the abundance of the seas and the hidden treasures of the sand.” And of Gad he said, Blessed be he who enlarges Gad! Gad crouches like a lion; he tears off arm and scalp. He chose the best of the land for himself, for there a commander’s portion was reserved; and he came with the heads of the people, with Israel he executed the justice of the Lord, and his judgements for Israel” (Deuteronomy 33:18-21).

The next tribes Moses asks for blessing for are the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar (vs18-19).  Although some of the imagery in this part of the text is hard to discern (by whatever it means and by which tribe it refers to) it is overwhelmingly clear that this blessing is a wish for peace and security for both these tribes.

After years of wilderness wandering Zebulun would be successful: ‘in your going out’ quite possibly because they would become successful traders and Issachar would experience success: ‘in your tents’ which possibly means they would develop as successful farmers. Whether verse 19 refers to both these tribes is open to debate.  However, some have seen it as a reference to Mount Tabor which was in territory which later belonged to the tribe of Zebulun.  Although the site was later condemned by the prophet Hosea, very likely because idolatry was being practised there, it could have been a legitimate place of worship when the land was first occupied.  The reference to: ‘the seas’ and: ‘the hidden treasures of the sand’ is quite possibly because part of Zebulun’s territory was along the sea coast near the modern coastal town of Haifa and the tribe may of the developed some form of maritime trade, although whether this is so is not clear from the rest of the Old Testament.

The tribe of Gad like the tribe of Reuben and the half tribe of Manasseh had already acquired their inheritance (3:16).  The verses of Moses’ blessing concerning them pays attention to this fact and calls for the Lord to give further blessing by enlarging their territory  (v20).  The text draws attention to the quality of their land.  It was particularly good, the tribe had seen this and, undoubtedly, this was a major factor in them approaching Moses and asking for it (Numbers 32:1-5).

But the text also draws our attention to their bravery and formidable fighting skills by comparing them to the way a lion acts.  In Deuteronomy 3:18-20 we saw that Moses commanded these tribes to go up and fight alongside their: ‘brother’ Israelites and Gad had done this.  They were not selfish in their acquisition of land east of the Jordan, but were willing to leave their families and all that they possessed to carry out the Lord’s will for Israel (v21) by partaking in the invasion of the land, which we have evidence of in Joshua 22:1-6.

There is an important lesson for Christians today in the way Gad behaved.  The experience of becoming a Christian varies for each person.  Some will find it a struggle with opposition from family and friends.  But for those who become Christians and belong to a Christian family or have the support of the good church there can be a real sense of enjoying good fellowship, having a fairly comfortable and blessed life already and never having to engage in the battle of Christian witness on the home front.  The tribe of Gad are an example of those who did not just put their feet up once they got their inheritance and enjoy the benefits the Lord had given them; they were ready to do His work first and foremost and go to war with their brothers!  We, like them, should be prepared to do battle by doing the Lord’s will and witnessing to His great love!